water-filter-details

Introduction

Reverse osmosis (RO) is a pressure-driven separation process that employs a semipermeable membrane and the principles of crossflow filtration. RO membranes are typically capable of removing 90%–99% of contaminants such as total dissolved solids (TDSs) in the water supply. The membranes are usually manufactured as a flat sheet of thin composite membranes consisting of an active polyamide layer (high permeability but impermeable to dissolved salts and particulate matter) supported by a porous polysulphone layer wound round a central collection tube. RO membranes are sized on their water volume production rate and the desired hourly or daily rate of water to be used.

Features

Total dissolved solids reduction: Reverse osmosis is one of the rare water treatment processes that can boast a total dissolved solids reduction.
Cost-effectiveness: Reverse osmosis is popular in industrial settings because it is highly economical compared with alternative filtration methods.
Eco-friendliness: Compared with other treatment methods, reverse osmosis is also relatively environmentally friendly. It uses less energy than other methods like thermal distillation because it does not rely on energy generation.
Alkalinity and hardness removal: Reverse osmosis removes the calcium and magnesium ions that contribute to hard water, as well as the carbonate ions that contribute to unwanted alkalinity.

Structure & Drawing

Application

Food & Beverage
Industrial Utility Water
Industrial Wastewater
Microelectronics
Municipal Water
Oil & Gas Upstream
Power Generation

Product Range

Thin-Film Composite (TFC) Membranes

IntroductionThin-film composite membranes are the most widely used and popular type of RO membranes. They consist of a thin, dense polyamide (PA) layer on top of a porous support layer. The polyamide layer is responsible for the rejection of salts and other dissolved impurities, while the support layer provides mechanical strength. TFC membranes offer high rejection rates and are known for their efficiency and durability.
Features: 1. Multilayer Structure
2. High Selectivity
3. Thin Active Layer
4. Excellent Permeability
5. Surface Modifications
6. Mechanical Strength
7. Resistance to Fouling
Application: Reverse Osmosis (RO) Desalination
Ultrafiltration and Nanofiltration
Gas Separation
Organic Solvent Nanofiltration
Hemodialysis
Fuel Cells
Vapor Permeation

Cellulose Acetate (CA) Membranes

IntroductionCellulose acetate membranes were one of the first types of RO membranes developed. They consist of a cellulose-based material, a synthetic derivative of natural cellulose found in plants, coated on a non-woven fabric. CA membranes have lower rejection rates compared to TFC membranes and are more susceptible to fouling, but they can be used in certain applications where high salt rejection is not critical.
Features: 1. Porous Structure
2. Biocompatibility
3. Hydrophilicity
4. Chemical Resistance
Application: Ultrafiltration
Microfiltration
Dialysis
Gas Separation
Reverse Osmosis Pretreatment
Medical Applications

Polyamide Thin-Film (PA-TF) Membranes

IntroductionPolyamide thin-film membranes are similar to TFC membranes, but use a different type of polyamide layer. PA-TF membranes are known for their high salt rejection rates and good overall performance in RO systems.
Features: 1. High Temperature Resistance
2. Chemical Resistance
3. Mechanical Strength
4. Selective Permeability
5. Solvent Resistance
Application: Gas Separation
Vapor Separation
Liquid Filtration
Pervaporation
Membrane Distillation
High-Temperature Applications

Nanocomposite Membranes

IntroductionNanocomposite RO membranes incorporate nanomaterials, such as nanoparticles or nanotubes, into the polyamide layer to achieve enhanced properties and performance compared to traditional membranes. These nanomaterials can enhance membrane properties, such as salt rejection, permeability, and fouling resistance.
Features: 1. Enhanced Selectivity
2. Increased Permeability
3. Mechanical Strength
4. Thermal Stability
5. Antifouling Properties
Application: Water Treatment
Gas Separation
Biomedical Applications
Environmental Remediation
Energy Conversion

Hollow-Fiber Membranes

IntroductionHollow-fiber RO membranes are designed as small, tubular fibers with a hollow core that resemble tiny straws. These fibers are used to create a high surface area for separation while allowing fluid to flow both inside and outside of the fibers.
Features: 1. High Surface Area
2. Inner and Outer Flow Paths
3. Parallel Flow Configuration
4. Crossflow Filtration
Application: Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration
Hemodialysis
Gas Separation
Forward Osmosis
Membrane Bioreactors
Seawater Desalination

Date Sheets

RO Membrane
	Product Specifications
Active Membrane Area	400 ft² (37 m²)
Permeate Flow Rate	9,000 gpd (34.1 m³/d)
Stabilized Salt Rejection	99.88%
Minimum Salt Rejection	99.75%
Boron Rejection	93%
Feed Spacer	34 mil.
Test Conditions
NaCl	32,000 ppm
Boron	5 ppm
Pressure	800 psi (55 bar)
Temperature	25°C (77°F)
pH	8
Recovery	8%
Permeate Flow Variation	+/-15%
Operating Specifications
Max. Operating Pressure	1,200 psi (82.7 bar)
Max. Chlorine Concentration	< 0.1 ppm
Max. Operating Temperature	45°C (113°F)
pH Range, Continuous (Cleaning)	2-11 (2-13)
Max. Feedwater Turbidity	1.0 NTU
Max. Feedwater SDI (15 minutes)	5
Max. Feed Flow	75 gpm (17 m³/h)
Min. Ratio of Concentrate to Permeate Flow for any Element	5 : 1
Max. Pressure Drop for Each Element	1.0 bar (15 psi)
Product Dimensions
Length	1,016 mm (40 inch)
Element O.D.	200 mm (8 inch)
Perm Tube I.D.	28.6 mm (1.125 inch)
Weight	16 kg (35 lbs.)

RO MEMBRANE

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